Ethical Dilemma Of An Occupational Therapist - 799 Words

Ethical Dilemma # 19 problem indicated issues with an occupational therapist located in a rural school district to provide services outside of their scope of practice. The occupational thera-pist is the only healthcare professional within this school district that provides services. The con-tribution from other healthcare professionals is limited, due to the inability to get professionals from other disciplines, in spite of numerous recruiting efforts and a current open position. The occupational therapist sees the area of concern for the client, but the parent and teacher want the child to walk. Teaching the client how to walk is not in the scope of practice unless it’s functional mobility to engage in an activity or occupation. This situation identifies as an ethical dilemma be-cause it causes conflicts in professional interactions, client interventions, and employment setting. To begin with, this situation is an ethical dilemma due to the controversy of the teacher’s and parent’s areas of concern as opposed to the occupational therapist’s area of concern. It is im-portant to incorporate the parent and teacher areas of concern in the IEP, but the occupational therapist can only practice within the scope of practice and level of competence. There is no other healthcare professional that specializes in walking in the rural school district, but the teacher’s and parent’s goal is for the kindergartener to walk. This causes a conflict in the client’s interven-tions becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Issues Regarding Payment For Treatment1684 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, health care is experiencing many potential ethical issues regarding payment for treatment. Among the practitioners facing these issues are occupational therapists, who are struggling to figure out how to provide quality care while upholding the reimbursement guidelines. Many patients are covered by a variety of different insurance plans in the clinical practice field; payment for services is controlled by a variety of federal and private payment guidelines. This may often lead to a careRead MoreEthics in Physical Therapy1741 Words   |  7 PagesLabor has projected 23,000 unfilled physical therapist positions in the year 2000 and a lack of qualified physical therapists to fill them (www.apta.org). While Physical Therapy grows rapidly, questions of ethics in this field have also grown in large quantities. Physical therapy is the treatment of disease through physical means, including light, heat, sound waves, electricity, magnetic fields, and exercise (www.byu.edu). This means that therapists use many different forms to treat people, andRead More Ethics In Physical Therapy Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesof Labor has projected 23,000 unfilled physical therapist positions in the year 2000 and a lack of qualified physical therapists t o fill them (www.apta.org). While Physical Therapy grows rapidly, questions of ethics in this field have also grown in large quantities. Physical therapy is the treatment of disease through physical means, including light, heat, sound waves, electricity, magnetic fields, and exercise (www.byu.edu). This means that therapists use many different forms to treat people, andRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemm Licensure1181 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Dilemma: Licensure Occupational therapy (OT) is a profession grounded in evidence-based and science-driven therapy focused on improving overall quality of life for individuals by engaging individuals in meaningful occupations (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). OT has successfully shifted to a profession that requires OT practitioners to obtain a state license to practice (AOTA, n.d.). The shift requires OT practitioners to adhere to federal and state regulations surroundingRead MoreThe Problem That Can Be The Most Challenging For Myself Essay727 Words   |  3 Pageshave the opportunity to see that person. But as a therapist, I would play the â€Å"opposites, † which is consisted doing my work while considering the profession’s standards of practice. Like any other profession, the occupational therapy profession is rooted, structured and organized around seven core concepts or values which are Altruism, Equality, Freedom, Justice, Dignity, Truth, and Prudence. These values or concepts replicate, guide the therapist’ interaction with clients, which could be differentRead MoreSchool Based Occupational Therapist Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesSchool-based occupational therapists facilitate children with disabilities to participate in school occupations. These occupations can range from playing with peers to social interactions with peers and teachers, academic and non-academic activities, activities of self-maintenance and interactions with the school environment (Chandler Clark, 2013). Nearly thirteen percent of children in public schools receive special education services (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2017). ApproximatelyRead MoreThe Impact Of Children In School Occupations841 Words   |  4 PagesOccupa tional therapists in school-based settings facilitate children with disabilities to participate in school occupations. These occupations can range from playing with peers, to social interactions with peers and teachers, to academic and non-academic activities to activities of self-maintenance, and to interactions with the school environment (Chandler Clark, 2013). Nearly, thirteen percent children in pubic schools receive special education services (National Center for Educational StatisticsRead MoreTina Baughman Versus Walt Disney World Company897 Words   |  4 Pagesin favor of Walt Disney World Company, because Segways are not necessary and could be dangerous to the guests visiting Disneyland (Tina Baughman v. Walt Disney World Company, 2012). The Baughman vs Walt Disney World Company case presents some ethical dilemmas. History, Need, and Impact of Americans with Disabilities Act Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990 with the purpose of fair access for individuals with disabilities (Pendleton Scheultz-Krohn, 2013). The law decreases discriminationRead MoreThe Codes Of Conduct Are Guidelines And Procedures1347 Words   |  6 Pagesare implemented, so that workers can adhere to the highest standards of care while utilizing ethical approaches and codes of conduct, amounts to the foundations of Long-term care facilities based on principles. It is the responsibility of such parties that include upper levels of management to the lowest levels to avoid such conduct that goes against the stated codes already establishes within the ethical areas. The healthcare field encompasses different areas and specialties, where it is deemedRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of Professional Relationships1745 Words   |  7 Pagesframeworks. Such scenarios are known as ethical dilemmas (MSWGuide.org, 2016). As already establish, just about every profession—whether for-profit or non-profit—comes with its own set of ethical dilemmas, but in today’s world, when such topics are visited, the first occupational fields that come to mind both have the characteristic of looking after other people in common. Aside from medical professions, one of the most common fields where ethical dilemmas come into play is social work. Section

The Roman Empire and Classical Greece Free Essays

The Roman Empire and Classical Greece were undeniably two of the greatest societies in history. As far as the political and cultural developments of the two civilizations, the Roman Empire’s (approximately the first five centuries of the Common Era) form of government contrasted with that of Classical Greece (approximately 500 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman Empire and Classical Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now E to 300 B. C. E. ), however the two societies shared similar enthusiasm for literature as well as almost identical religious beliefs. An extremely prominent characteristic of Classical Greece was its decentralized form of government. There, the nation was divided into several polises, or city-states. Each polis had its own government system – which could be a monarchy (the most common), a Tyranny, an Oligarchy, or a Democracy (Athens being the world’s first). This is very strange compared to the government of Rome. The Roman Empire was centralized and ruled by one solitary man: the Emperor. Although the senate had some influence of the Roman government, the Emperor held absolute power. Centralization and absolute power was necessary in the large Roman Empire because the vast amount of land being controlled was too much for Rome as a republic to handle. This was not the case in Classical Greece, which was much smaller, and could allow its polises to make their own decisions to keep the people happy. For this reason, we see a difference in the styles of governments of the two societies. Despite this difference though, Classical Greece and The Roman Empire still shared love and support of literature. Several great works of literature came from Classical Greece. During the classical era, many genres of western literature became more prominent. This includes lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy, histories, philosophical writings, government writings, and more. Many works from this time became classics in our world today. The Romans also had a strong emphasis on literature and they wrote almost everything of significance down. It was essential for the Romans to keep extensive written government records on order for them to organize their extremely large empire. Literature was able to strive in both the Roman Empire and Classical Greece because of the emphasis both societies had on education. Without this, neither would have the educated authors, poets, and philosophers needed to produce the great literature that they did. Furthermore, Classical Athens and the Roman Empire shared almost identical religious beliefs. For almost every Greek God, there is a corresponding Roman God. For example, for Zeus there is Jupiter, for Aphrodite there is Venus, Poseidon there is Neptune, and for Hades there is Pluto. The list goes on to include more of the major as well as minor gods, although some gods, such as Apollo, have the same name in each religion. In Rome, despite the change of name, the gods play the same role and have indistinguishable powers to their Greek counterparts. The reason behind this similarity is that when Rome was developing into a strong civilization, leaders saw the accomplishments of the Greece, especially Athens, and decided to adopt their gods in hopes of reaching the same success. To make them their own, they simply changed the names. Unmistakably similar in their belief systems and love of literature, and at the same time clearly diverse in their forms of government, Classical Greece and the Roman Empire were able to share similarities as well as differences in their cultural and political developments that enabled them to become the prominent and strong civilizations that they did. How to cite The Roman Empire and Classical Greece, Essay examples

Puritanism and Pragmatism free essay sample

Perhaps the greatest difference between and Franklin was their view of religion. , a devout Puritan, governed Massachusetts Bay. Every aspect of life in a Puritan colony revolved around religion. The most important thing in order to establish city upon a hill, was the need for the people to obey their governors and for the governors to obey God. If they did, God would adopt and protect the wilderness colony as He had the ancient Jews ( Graves 31). Puritanism reflects the notion of pre-destination, Indoctrinated by Calvinist, In which here are only two kinds of people: the elect and the non-elect. The elect were the people, usually ministers and high-ranking officers, who have been chosen by God to go to Heaven. The non-elect then, were the people who were not chosen. Franklin was not a Puritan. He believed that good deeds could earn ones way into Heaven; thus, he did not accept predestination. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritanism and Pragmatism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Franklins view of religion was not, the worship of God or even salvation, but humankinds well-being on earth (57). Certainly, the religious philosophies of Winthrop and Franklin contrasted greatly. Another difference between these two men was their views on money. The economic growth of the region contributed to the downfall of Puritanism and the overall change of Boston. Nash and Graves write, The ninety years that separated Winthrop Boston from Franklins had witnessed a gradual erosion of spiritual energies. The Initial New England ideal off closely knit, covenanted community proved difficult to malting In the face of economic growth (52). The region began to grow not only In population, but also In prosperity. The Puritans were expected to support the church by giving money to their ministers. The later generations born inMassachusetts Bay were more interested in keeping their wealth than fearing the wrath of God. New England merchants were accused of making too much money; they began to want relief and freedom from the straitjacket of Puritanism. The life of Benjamin Franklin is a typically rags-to-riches story. He knew that hard work would pay off in the end, and by the age of forty-two he had accumulated sufficient wealth to reach his goal of the free and easy life' (54). Unlike Winthrop, Franklin believed that the money one earns is rightfully his own. Winthrop and Franklins economic philosophies reflected the time period in which they lived.A final difference between Winthrop and Franklin dealt with their notions of science. Naturally, for the Puritans, science meshed with religion. It says on page 60, Nature was Gods handiwork; Its processes showed the effect of His guidance. Consequently, to study natural phenomena was to observe the wisdom, power, and hand, Franklin was determined to understand how things work; he wanted to understand maturation understand the workings of God. Curious Franklin was always wondering how or why. He eventually answered his questions and even invented items like the bifocal lens and the lightening rod.A period of one endured years is Just a tiny fragment in history. However, incredible change can be made during this time. In about a century, the Winthrop and the Puritans reign ended with the spread of economic growth. With that growth, new philosophies emerged all over the colonies. These new ideas led to the onset of the American Revolution, which established our country, the United States of America. John Winthrop and Benjamin Franklin represented their time period. Although they were similar in some respects, they differed in many more. For example, their views on religion, economics, and science contrasted greatly.

Pete Rose Essays (633 words) - Pete Rose, WWE Hall Of Fame, Pete

Pete Rose Should a man who has over 4256 hits be kept from the Hall of Fame because he bet on a few baseball games? The hits leader in major league baseball is banned from baseball, does that make any sense? Pete Rose deserves to be in the baseball hall of fame because of his actions on the field, not off. To not have the all time hits leader not in the hall is total insanity. My personal opinion as you can already tell is that I think Rose should be in Cooperstown, NY. I think Pete should be in the Hall of Fame because of his outstanding stats, love and appreciation for the game, and for all that he could do for baseball if reinstated. Pete Rose was one of the all time greats in baseball even though he does not get recognized for anything that he does. Rose the 1975 Sportsmen of the Year is banned from baseball because of his alleged gambling on baseball games. Rose also was MVP of the world series for the Reds when they won in 1975. Rose never struck out more than 76 times in a season. His all time batting average is .303, while only striking out 1 in every 12 times up at the plate. Rose batted from both sides of the plate while he threw the baseball with his right hand. Pete has numerous records some which include: most seasons with at least 150 games played, most at-bats, and even most seasons with at least 200 hits. I think what really puts the icing on Petes cake though is that the city of Philadelphia gave him the "living legend" award from the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association. If Rose is really a legend (which he is) then he belong with all the other legends in the Hall of Fame. Any athlete in any sport should appreciate what Pete has done. Every coach should hope that they have players who play hard, play the right way and respect the game. I think that's the way Pete played. With Roses hell bent, love of the game style he had a positive impact on players throughout the 24 years that he played. When you think of Rose you think of Charlie Hustle running out walks, hurling himself head first to take a extra base, and breaking the most vulnerable record in baseball- Ty Cobb's 4191 hits. When Pete was rudely interviewed by NBC's Jim Grey it only proved about how much of a personal man Pete Rose is by being very polite back to Grey after repeatedly saying that he did not bet on baseball. Pete Rose is a true character and without him the Hall of Fame is lacking. If Pete would be reinstated it would do wonders for the game just like mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa did in 1998. Pete Rose would bring back a character that alot of baseball has missed for many of years. Pete could be a great coach on any team and show the younger players all the "tricks of the trade". I think if Pete does not get into the hall of fame in the next 2-3 years then he will not get in until after his death. I can see Bud Seligh doing something that dumb: waiting until the best hitter that ever lived dies and then let him make the hall. One way or another Pete deserves to be let back into baseball and if he could come back it would benefit everyone. In conclusion, Pete Rose should be in the hall of fame for his on the field actions. Ten years is a long time. Even Charles Manson gets parole hearings, and Hall of Famers, as Rose points out, "aren't all altar guys" Finally, 4,256 is so many knocks that without Rose the Hall of Fame ought to have a big asterisk on its front door. Pete deserves what he has earned so why dont Bud Seligh just give it to him.

Motivational Quotes for Teens

Motivational Quotes for Teens Great thinkers throughout history have imparted insights that can provide inspiration for teens. From the value of hard work and optimism to the importance of time, itself, these quotes can help motivate any teenager. Hard Work Theres no substitute for hard work. -  Thomas Edison It took Edison more than 1,000 unsuccessful attempts over the course of a year before he produced the worlds first commercially viable light bulb. So, the next time your teen wants to give up, tell her about the persistence and work ethic of one of our greatest inventors. There is no elevator to success. You have to take the stairs. -   Author unknown Like Edison, this unknown author is talking about the importance of perseverance and putting in the effort to succeed. Thats an important motivational thought for any teen. Optimism There is no sadder sight than a young pessimist. -  Mark TwainThose who wish to sing, always find a song. -  Swedish Proverb A teen can find plenty of inspiration from Twains eternally optimistic characters, Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. And, there are plenty of references to singing in Twains The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- an optimistic trait the Swedish proverb alludes to.   Time Time is free, but its priceless. You cant own it, but you can use it. You cant keep it, but you can send it. Once youve lost it, you can never get it back. -  Harvey MackayTime ripens all things, no man is born wise. -  Miguel de Cervantes The importance of using your time wisely can be a great motivational thought for teens. MacKay  wrote such well-known business books as Swim with the Sharks Without Being Eaten Alive,  which explained how to use your time to outsell- and outperform- others, while Cervantes, Spains greatest author, wrote about the ever-optimistic Don Quixote, a character who used his time to try to save the world. Character, Change, and Discovery To be able to practice five things everywhere under heaven constitutes perfect virtue... gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. -  ConfuciusThere is nothing permanent except change. -  HeraclitusThere are two  great days  in a persons  life- the day we are born and the day we discover why. -  William BarclayThere are two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live. -  John Adams Confucious, Chinas greatest philosopher; Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher; Barclay, a Scottish theologian, and Adams, our second president, who also helped sustain the Revolution with his brilliant negotiating skills, all talked about how life is an adventure- ever-changing, yet always providing an opportunity to learn, discover and strive to be your best self. That is certainly an important and serious thought to light a fire under any teen looking for motivation.

How to Teach the Present Perfect Continuous

How to Teach the Present Perfect Continuous The present perfect continuous form is often confused with the present perfect. Indeed, there are many instances in which the present perfect continuous can be used as well as the present perfect. For example: Ive worked here for twenty years. OR Ive been working here for twenty years.Ive played tennis for twelve years. OR Ive been playing tennis for twelve years. The main emphasis in the present perfect continuous is on expressing how long the current activity has been happening. Its best to stress that the present perfect continuous form is used for shorter periods of time to express how long that particular action has been taking place. Ive been writing for thirty minutes.Shes been studying since two oclock. In this manner, youll help students understand that the present perfect continuous is used to express the length of a current action. Compare this to cumulative length for which we tend to use the present perfect, although the present perfect continuous can be used. Introducing the Present Perfect Continuous Start by Speaking about the Length of Current Actions Introduce the present perfect continuous by asking students how long theyve been studying in the current class on that day. Extend this to other activities. Its a good idea to use a magazine with photos and ask questions about how long the person in the photo has been doing a particular activity. Length of Current Activity Heres an interesting photo. Whats the person doing? How long has the person been doing XYZ?What about this one? He looks like hes getting ready for a party. I wonder if you can tell me how long hes been getting ready for the party. Result of Activity Another important use of the present perfect continuous is to explain what has been happening that has caused a present result. Stating results and asking questions are effective in teaching this use of the form. His hands are dirty! What has he been doing?Youre all wet! What have you been doing?Hes tired. Has he been studying for a long time? Practicing the Present Perfect Continuous Explaining the Present Perfect Continuous on the Board Use a timeline to illustrate the two principal uses of the present perfect continuous. With such a long string of helping verbs, the present perfect continuous can be a bit confusing. Make sure that students understand the construction by providing a structural chart like the one below: Subject have been verb(ing) objectsHe has been working for three hours.We havent been studying for long. Repeat for the negative and interrogative forms as well. Make sure students understand that the verb have is conjugated. Point out that questions are formed with How long ... for the length of an activity, and What have you ... for explanations of current results. How long have you been sitting there?.What have you been eating? Comprehension Activities Its a good idea to compare and contrast both the present perfect and present perfect continuous when first teaching this tense. At this point in their studies, students should be able to handle working with two related tenses. Use lessons that focus on the differences to help them distinguish usage. Quizzes testing present perfect or perfect continuous use also help students become familiar with the two tenses. Present perfect and continuous dialogues can also help with practicing the differences. Also, make sure to review non-continuous or stative verbs with students. Challenges With the Present Perfect Continuous The main challenge students will face with the present perfect continuous is understanding that this form is used to focus on shorter lengths of time. I find its a good idea to use a common verb such as teach to illustrate the difference. For example: Ive taught English for many years. Today, Ive been teaching for two hours. Finally, students may still have difficulties with the use of for and since as time expressions with this tense.

Analyse critically how research and practice developments can be Essay

Analyse critically how research and practice developments can be disseminated to enhance the quality of the student learning exp - Essay Example Evaluation is a process that examines a program in a critical manner (Danielson & McGreal 2005). Evaluation includes things such as looking for information and criticizing that information to ascertain the program activities and the results of those programs. The reason for evaluation is to identify whether a program is effective and if not, you look for areas where you can make improvements (Stephanie, 2010). Evaluation also helps when making decision about the program; it is often a synonym to assessment, but evaluation is more important because it enable the tracking of the student’s performance, hence informing of the need to change the approach of the current methods applied and having no positive results in students (Danielson & McGreal 2005). Evaluation is also a means of gathering information for the improvement of learning opportunities for the child. Research and practice development can therefore, be effectively disseminated to students through evaluation. It is eff ective to disseminate through evaluation because evaluation involves close monitoring and tracking of students. It also makes it easier to identify an area of weakness among the students hence making it possible to make corrections. Through evaluation you can make judgment on whether research and practice development is working out well with the student through constant examining (Danielson & McGreal 2005). ... the evaluator the feedback that will convince him beyond any reasonable doubt that the students have actually made progress (Danielson & McGreal, 2005). The student’s learning experience is an area that must be improved if learning has to be effective at any level and standard. Student learning experience will determine if a student will be able to learn effectively and be able to improve in its area of study (Macdonald 2002). Good learning experience is equal to good motivation for the students. Through a rigorous evaluation strategy, one will be able to examine the progress of the student at certain stages. These stages have a certain time limit so that after a certain stage, you can examine the progress of the student before going to another stage (Danielson & McGreal, 2005). It has to be rigid so that too much time is not wasted and that student knows that at a certain stage he will be evaluated. The rigorous evaluation also helps in comparing the progress of a student wit h previous students and drawing comparisons (Macdonald 2002). First, as a mentor, one should be fully aware of the role because it is them who determine whether a student will be registered as a nurse or not (Macdonald 2002). Student performance should be monitored continuously on the day-to-day basis. To ensure students are learning, mentor has to build confidence within the students themselves. They also have to develop a very good and professional relationship with the students. As a mentor, one should also be able to within a stipulated period, be able to provide feedback that is true, and always suggests for students where to make improvement (Ginny & Forrest, 2000). Mentor should provide the best supervision and being able to assist students in planned learning experience. They should

Catcher in the Rye (Book) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catcher in the Rye (Book) - Research Paper Example Some have opted to censor the book because they feel it will corrupt their children. In an instant I knew that I would never get the chance again to get out. I might have felt warm by the idea of being right there with Phoebe. â€Å"Could we get out of here already?† She asked, â€Å"Can you hear me?† The thought that we were going home and everything would get back to ‘normal’ made my skin crawl. I felt groggy, I might have passed out. I saw myself back in Pencey Prep, everyone was gawking at me. Stradlater approached me smiling and picked up one of my backpacks as we headed for the dorm. I struggled to figure out what was going on as I entered my old room. Ackley was standing in the middle of the room. It seemed he was there to receive me, pathetic. Probably everything I wanted to be was actually happening because I could not speak, I could not react, I was deaf-mute. The hell I was, they suddenly held me down, †Hey buddy, calm down!† My head was spinning so fast. I had no idea why they pinned me down. Stradlter told Ackley to help him get me to the bed.â€Å"Where is my sister?† I yelled.†Where is Phoebe?† They both looked at each other like I was crazy. I looked at them; it was not Stradtler and Ackley. The two men were in scrubs. I needed to see Phoebe. Maybe she was here with me. She couldn’t have abandoned me, not her. I had to get out. I was lying down and couldn’t move. Those bastards put me in a straight jacket. Unbelievable! Hilarious, they must have been talking to Mr. Antolini or was it Mr. Spencer? It must have been that wretched Mr. Spencer. I felt really tired and falling asleep fast. They had given me a shot. Allie was there with me although he was silent. I don’t think he knew why my parents or whoever brought me to the rest room. I wished he could talk to me. I tried to make him say something but he just stared at me, perhaps feeling sorry for me. He was the best l istener and answered me without uttering a word. I could hear Phoebe repeating the words, â€Å"Coming Thro’ the Rye,† and thought it should have been how I heard it because in that instant, I felt like I was falling off from the bed. It was on the edge of a cliff. It felt safe for I knew Allie would catch me. Memories of James Castle flashed through my mind and wondered whether I would get to see him. Was he contented where he was or was he still being bullied and could it be possible that he could have been haunting the boys that were tormenting him? Wouldn’t that be great? I missed him. The drug was wearing off, I felt much better. The world seemed different. Maybe I did need some sleep after all. Phoebe was holding my hand, stroking it. Surprisingly, it didn’t appall me. I was delighted to see her. Apparently, I had passed out while watching her go around on the carousel. My parents took me to the rest home. They must do everything right. I wondered w hether they already knew that I had been expelled and if they did, was this my punishment? It didn’t matter anymore. All that mattered was that they were there for me. Phoebe was there, so did D.B. I wished Jane was there for me as well. I hope she thought of me and regretted ever setting her eyes on Stradlter. I hope she missed me as much as I missed her. I could care less about Sally. She was attractive though looking back, I don’t know what I ever saw in her. Realizing that I don’

Civil Rights Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights Essay Although the 1960’s are usually considered the decade of greatest achievement for black civil rights, the 1940’s and 1950’s were periods of equally important gains. Asses the Validity of this statement. Equality was always a touchy subject following the civil war. Following the war, the north did not put emphasis on equality for all men. It took almost a century longer for complete equality to be achieved. Clearly these changes did not come around quickly, and it took a large group effort to bring about change. The ending results of the fight for Civil Rights that came in the 1960’s are of equal or even lesser importance to the events that enacted the change during the 1940’s and 1950’s. The 1960’s were a time of great results of the effort to establish civil rights for African Americans. In the earl sixties, movements such as the Freedom Riders were still in full effect, but the government was beginning to sway to the black side. President Kennedy brings the Civil Rights Bill to congress in 1963. It is put down by the southern democrats. As a result, Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement organize a massive political march in Washington. One of the high points of this march is Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech on the steps of the Lincoln memorial. The efforts come to fruition with the passing of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964, and Voting Rights Bill of 1965. But the Efforts made in the sixties are mere fractions of the total amount of drive from the previous decades. Civil Rights was an important issue that came up after, and during, WWII. Many Blacks wanted to serve their country in the army, but couldn’t due to military segregation. President Truman brought the Civil Rights issue to light when he established his Committee on Civil Rights. Shortly after the committee was established, the President passed a series of executive orders removing segregation in the military and in the government workforce. This was the first effort taken by the government concerning equal rights for the African Americans. These Efforts promptly continued at the turn of the decade. The Civil Rights movement really began to sink in leading up to it’s peak in  the late fifties. In 1950, a major court ruling changed the face of racial segregation involving schools. The Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education was a shock to the US population that had Blacks all over seeing a light at the end of the tunnel. Segregation in schools was ruled a violation of the fourteenth amendment by the court. This ruling was put to the test in 1952 when nine black students attempted to enroll in a public high school. Crowds gathered in order to stop the students. Then, President Eisenhower sent in a group of troop to escort the students to school; showing that the federal government would support the court ruling. More and more Blacks decided to take a stand. In Montgomery, Alabama, Civil Rights activists staged a bus boycott. These events turned more and more people towards the cause. As time went on, activists grew more organized. The events of the 1950’s set up the success that came in the 1960’s The 1940’s and 1940’s were just as important as the 1960’s for the Civil Rights movement because, major events during this era created a sense of unity that allowed for organization in the sixties. It is important not to overlook the necessary preludes to the march on Washington. Although results are finally felt in the sixties, it could never have happened without the bravery of the previous twenty-so years.

Rates of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Introduction ------------ The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast something happens. We can find the rate of reaction by measuring the change that happens in a set period of time. Many factors can affect the rate of reaction; the concentration of the reactants is one of them. In the following experiments we will investigate how the concentration of the reactants affect the rate of reaction. To do this we will use the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. GRAPH I will measure the rate of reaction by timing how long the reaction takes. Aim- I am trying to find out how an increase/decrease in concentration of the acid affects the rate of reaction in magnesium strips. Prediction: I predict that as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases the time taken for the magnesium to dissolve will decrease. I also think that when the concentration of the acid doubles the rate of reaction will also double. Collision Theory: The collision theory is how the rate of reaction increases when the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases. In the reaction firstly all of the particles in the reacting substances must collide. They must collide with a certain amount of energy called activation energy, this must be reached for the reaction to take place. If the particles do not reach this required amount of energy there will not be any successful collisions and therefore the reaction will not take place. If the particles do reach the required amount of energy a reaction will rake place and as the number of collisions increase the reaction speeds up. The more concentrated the reactants the larger the number of successful collisions between the particles. This explains why the largest rate of reaction is usually as soon as the reactants have been mixed together, this means they are both at their highest concentrations. High concentration Low concentration (18cm ³ HCL + 2cm ³ H ²O) (6cm ³ HCL + 14cm ³ H ²O) The temperature in this investigation will not affect the rate of reaction because throughout the investigation it will stay at room temperature. If the temperature was to change during the experiment it would effect the rate of reaction by speeding it up if the temperature increased because the particles move a lot faster and travel a larger

CoCa-Cola MagiCan essay

My understanding of the magi can promotion was that It was a new and Innovative way of promotion by Coca Cola which should have brought In more fans but Instead created a negative perception towards Its product and attracted bad publicity towards its campaign. It was bold on Coca Cola's part to go ahead with such a costly advert but what it failed to do was make the necessary corrections to its campaign during its test marketing phase where the company decided to go ahead with the full blown promotion in spite of the mechanism failure rate's.Also compounding the robber was the mismatch in the number of cans that had the money versus the ones that did not have it. Its competitor Pepsi took a far simple yet similar style approach towards its promotion where instead of a mechanism to give money the cans had at the bottom a number that corresponded to a winning amount. Coca Cola should have taken the feedback its test customers gave seriously and make the necessary changes but being the first to try such a form of marketing there was bound to be some Issues but later on the same principle was adopted by other firms In a much simple format that was still appealing.Do you think longer test marketing should be done with promotions like magi cans? Mans According to me Coca-Cola had conducted a test marketing campaign for their magi cans in Iowa & Illinois for 3 months and therefore there was no need for extending it as they had identified potential problems in the application of the device. They should have gone back and reworked on the device based on initial feedback and then reliance it.What consumer behavior principles should Coke have considered before launch? Mans Coca Cola should have considered the psychological aspects of the consumer because the consumer Is under the impression they will win meeting that Is tangible has value to It. The campaign and the subsequent mage can was totally mismatched In Its reach to the audience. Coca Cola should have instead put numbers inside the can and customers can then check with customer care to see if they have one something.Should marketers put prizes in packages that contain food product? Would your answer depend on the type of packages? Mans Yes, putting prizes inside food products enhances the appeal of the food itself even if it does not taste or look good. The type of package is not the Issue but it's the prize Itself which should be able to fit Inside he food package. It should not compromise the quantity of food that goes In nor should It be easily damaged by the food around It.Do you think should Coca cola bring back mage cans? Mans I would say no because it's a promotion that went bad due to the misguided use the device vs.. The ones that did not have it. Coca Cola should understand as an FMC company, any misguided promotion on a product can dent its image for a long time and it takes even longer time to get the consumer confidence back. Hence, Coca Cola should instead learn from such mista kes and create new and safer campaigns.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Evolved in Response to Antibiotic

How have Mycobacterium tuberculosis evolved in response to antibiotic use? Section 1 P1: (Words: 177) Since antibiotics has been discovered in 1920 by a Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming, people began to have access to treatments for infectious diseases (Bright). However, over time these M. tuberculosis has evolved and became resistant to antibiotics through constant use and incorrect usage (Bright). It is important to solve this health issue because it has created a serious problem to the people who are infected by diseases since these antibiotics are no longer effective.It is estimated that approximately 77,000 people were killed by resistant M. tuberculosis in the United States (Bright) and the medical cost to treat infections with antibiotic resistance has reached as high up to 44 billion dollars every year (Larsen). In the article of â€Å"Antibiotics Resistance† by Pushpa Larsen, roughly about 70 percent of those 2 million people in the United States who has beca me infected with diseases within a year were resistant to antibiotics that was being commonly treated in the hospitals (Larsen).With an overuse and misuse of antibiotics by the human population, it increases the chance of M. tuberculosis to evolve and have the ability to become resistant. Section 1 P2: (Words: 482) As people take antibiotics constantly and antibiotics that treats for a variety of M. tuberculosis, over a period of time it usually results in M. tuberculosis being resistant, and the only way to solve this is to change the human behavior. Since M. tuberculosis can reproduce rapidly within hours or days, the big population of the M. uberculosis causes the increase of adaptation to different environment (Bright). The ‘fast generation’ mentioned in the article of â€Å"Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance,† claimed that with such massive population, it also can rise the possibility of mutation in genes which causes variation (Bright). With having more cha nce of resulting variation among these huge quantity of population in M. tuberculosis, there will be more chance of these M. uberculosis with mutation to be selected for the environment due to natural selection. With M. tuberculosis being able to use specific tools gained from the gene, each can perform different methods of being resistance to the antibiotic’; for example, by taking ‘a gene from another bacterium’ (Bright). Scientists measure the percentage of M. Tuberculosis by using a special tool called, spectrophotometer to shoot out light and count the percentage of M. tuberculosis present in the tube. A certain amount of M.Tuberculosis will be added into the tube and place it inside the spectrophotometer to measure the percentage of population present in the tube by using a specific light of wave length with a scale pointing to how much light is being present (Ferguson, 2012). With having a higher population in the culture, the less light it will be shown i n the spectrophotometer (Ferguson, 2012). When antibiotics are added into the tube, those that are not resistant to the antibiotics are being killed, but those that are resistant survive (Ferguson, 2012).The measurement will show the amount of population being resistant to antibiotics by the scale shown in the spectrophotometer (Ferguson, 2012). There are no treatments to stop the M. tuberculosis from being resistant to antibiotics. However, we can help solve the problem of more bacteria being resistant to antibiotics by decreasing the amount use of antibiotics and taking antibiotics in the full cycle as prescribed by the doctor (Bright). The amount of antibiotics that people take is about 235 million doses a year, and approximately ‘one third to one half’ of the antibiotics being taken are not needed (Larsen).A research has found that patients have been demanding antibiotics from doctors even though the patient’s cold or other infections does not require any ant ibiotic use (Bright). The antibiotic misuse by people is that patients usually stop taking antibiotics once they feel that their cold or viral diseases is much better (Larsen). This can lead to the resistance in M. tuberculosis and ‘develop a stronger defense’(Larsen). By changing the human actions towards the use of antibiotics, it can help solve the problem of bacterium evolved in response to antibiotics.Section 2 P3 + P4 combine (Words: 407) The measurement of spectrophotometer to determine the percentage of M. Tuberculosis and the theory of natural selection both determines an effective way of observing how M. Tuberculosis evolved in response to antibiotics. By measuring the percentage of M. Tuberculosis present in a tube, the method of using spectrophotometer helps scientists to observe and witness the evolution of how M. Tuberculosis became more resistant to antibiotics overtime (Ferguson, 2012). The resistance of M. tuberculosis in ntibiotics due to evolution the ory of natural selection, those that favors in the natural selection tends to survive and reproduce to carry on their traits (Bright). As they reproduce, an immense volume of culture is being duplicated which increases more chance of variation among the tremendous population (Bright). Scientists uses tool like spectrophotometer to observe the rate of M. Tuberculosis being killed, and how those survived bacteria regained its immune towards antibiotics the next time it is being added to the culture (Ferguson, 2012).As each time an antibiotic is being added to the culture, those without resistance dies and those with, remain alive (Ferguson, 2012). Those that does live, increases and continues to grow (Ferguson, 2012). But, when an antibiotic is being added into the culture again in the next round, the rate of resistance of M. Tuberculosis increases in terms of building up a defense and using methods as in gaining a gene from a bacteria to become immune to antibiotics (Bright). Overtim e, the increase number of antibiotics added into the culture rapidly escalates and boost up the number of M.Tuberculosis being resistant (Ferguson, 2012). By looking at the theory of natural selection, those with best suited traits tends to be selected for, and reproduce in massive quantities which increases a greater possibility in variation. Either an antibiotic is being ameliorated from the former antibiotic or a completely recent developed antibiotic is invented, M. Tuberculosis will always find a solution to become more resistant to the antibiotic until it completely becomes unscathed to them (Bright). As more M. uberculosis gain further ability in building defense against the antibiotics, the more they reproduce those immune duplicates, the more difficult it will be for the human to fight against these M. Tuberculosis since they develop resistance. With the overpopulation of these cultures, the probability of variation is very high due to mutation in the gene (Bright). The met hod of measuring the increase in resistance helps benefits scientists to understand how M. Tuberculosis has evolve in response due to antibiotics and natural selection by using spectrophotometer.Section 3 P5 + P6 combine: (Words: 429) With the science application use of measurement of M. Tuberculosis percentage resistant to antibiotics and the theory of natural selection effects us socially in terms of causing chaos among the society with being unable to cure these M. Tuberculosis as they continue to become more resistant. Patients usually demands and gives pressure on doctors to provide them with antibiotics even when not needed (Bright). This usually is the reason to why M.Tuberculosis evolve and become resistant to antibiotics rapidly as more variation is present by the massive reproduction of M. Tuberculosis (Pitman, 2004). If the doctor suggests the patient to not take antibiotics, because it might cause the resistance towards antibiotics, then it is likely that patients will s till insist to take those antibiotics just to cure their infections or cold. Such aspect of the patient shows that they have no tolerance towards the future crisis of the uprising war between antibiotics and M. Tuberculosis.When a doctor insists their patients to take antibiotics as described in the instructions of the cycle, patients usually feel that their freedom of choice is being pressured and mostly they will go with their own opinion and decision making towards the use of antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009). As patients sense that their cold or infectious disease has become better, they usually stop taking the antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009). The reason for this is because some patients think that their immune system have the ability to fight against the bacteria present in their body.Research have found that taking antibiotics are very detrimental to the body in terms of damaging the good bacteria, as well as decreasing the competition between the harmful bacteria and the beneficial b acteria existing in your body (Tekstiin, 2009). In the future when people are infected by infectious diseases, the infection in the human body will not be effected by the antibiotics since they have evolved resistance towards antibiotics (Tekstiin, 2009).With this reason, as more people get infected with diseases, the antibiotics will be ineffective and cause turmoil among the society because doctors will be unable to cure them since the resistance in M. tuberculosis continues to rise rapidly. As a large percentage of the people becomes infected with diseases that are unable to be treated, the world could lose a massive population because more and more people are infected by the disease each day. The science application of measurement on resistance in M. Tuberculosis and the natural selection links to the factor socially with the cause of ineffectiveness of most antibiotics towards M.Tuberculosis, causing a huge loss in human population. Section 3 P7 + P8 combine: (Words: ) Scientis ts observe the measurement of percentage in M. Tuberculosis by looking at the curve of the increasing resistance in antibiotics as the natural selection provides the chance of stronger resistance due to variation of M. Tuberculosis; and with this, scientists are able to predict that it will effect the society economically in terms of medical costs to treat resistance in antibiotics. With people constantly overusing antibiotics for treating their infections or cold; overtime, those M.Tuberculosis that survived recovers by reproducing a large quantity of population and develop a defense against the antibiotics (â€Å"Antibiotic resistance,† 2008). As more antibiotics are given and added to kill the M. Tuberculosis, they become more resistant each time and soon, they will become completely resistant to antibiotics within a short period of time. As the number of resistant M. Tuberculosis increases, the more time and money scientists will have to invest on research and create anti biotics to treat the infected growing human population.With the experimentation, tools and a variety solutions of antibiotics, it all comes with a large amount of money. The healthcare system might find themselves drowning and finding difficulty in finance since a large amount of money will be spent on medical research and care (â€Å"Study on the,† 2009). Also, they will find trouble in restoring their stability in health care for the people when several people are dying since no treatment can be cured (â€Å"Study on the,† 2009). However, it is not only the scientists and the healthcare association who suffers, but also the infected patient’s families as well.To treat such infection with resistance towards antibiotics it comes to a huge cost in finance for the patient’s family (â€Å"Study on the,† 2009). The prediction of the high medical cost in the future by looking at the increasing rate of resistance of M. Tuberculosis in antibiotics by the scientists show how this problem of the uprising resistance towards antibiotics effects us economically when no cure can be treated. Section 4 P9: (Words: 309) The social limitations of the measurement in the increasing percentage of M.Tuberculosis developing into a newly developed antibiotic resistant bacteria links with the natural selection of massive reproduction in the M. Tuberculosis that increases the chance of variation among the huge population, that causes the rising probability in resistant to antibiotics, which creates a numerous number of patients to suffer severely when no treatments are to be able to completely cure the continuous developing new bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Understanding the measurement of the change in the increase rate of new evolved M. uberculosis effects not just the people but also the society in whole as well. Overtime, as people continuously take antibiotics to treat infections, those survived M. Tuberculosis develops into a new stronger bacteria resistant to the antibiotics, due to natural selection of variation among the huge population of the culture (Larsen). As scientists creates new antibiotics to treat such newly developed antibiotic-resistant M. Tuberculosis, these variation in the M. Tuberculosis will continue to become stronger and develop immune towards these new antibiotics (Bright). By applying the theory of evolution of M.Tuberculosis being more resistant to antibiotics by natural selection of variation in overpopulation, it impacts on the people socially with infections that continuously rises in population and keeps on developing into a new and stronger M. Tuberculosis that is unable to be treated, it will cause a major problem in our society where a large percent of the human population are suffering from the continuous developing new variation of M. Tuberculosis (Bright). With the huge population of culture, variation among these population is high which increases the rising rate of new developed M .Tuberculosis resistant to antibiotics that causes an issue in our society of people to be troubled by the fact of the continuous treatment to cure for unrepeated variation in M. Tuberculosis. Section 4 P10: (Words: 345) The measurement of the rising percentage of the huge population in newly developed antibiotic-resistant M. Tuberculosis, and the overpopulation in natural selection that leads to the high possibility in variation effects the people economically in terms of the difficulty in treatment necessary to cure the patient’s continuous infected disease that is antibiotic-resistant with the variation in the M.Tuberculosis, that causes billions of dollars to treat this non-stop evolution of M. Tuberculosis. As doctors treats patients with antibiotics for their infected disease, some M. Tuberculosis in the infected disease are killed and some remain alive (Pitman, 2004). Those that survives, reproduces in large quantities and in those massive population, the high probabil ity of variation that becomes immune towards antibiotics among the huge population rises (Pitman, 2004). When scientists invents new antibiotics to treat for the newly developed M.Tuberculosis, the survived M. Tuberculosis evolves and becomes more resistant to antibiotics because of natural selection (Pitman, 2004). M. Tuberculosis adapts to the antibiotics and evolve in response through the constant use of antibiotics that causes them to become more resistant (Pitman, 2004). With people spending roughly about 44 billion dollars every year on treating the continuous appearing new variation of M. Tuberculosis, it has created a burden in finance when there are no treatment to completely obliterate the variation in M.Tuberculosis since they always develop resistance to antibiotics (Larsen). In order to treat the continuous antibiotic-resistant variation in M. Tuberculosis, it will effect tremendously on the infected patient or their family and the hospital in terms of the finance in th e medical cost (â€Å"Study on the,† 2009). In the end, people will end up paying endlessly on antibiotics to treat these non-stop evolving resistant variation in M. Tuberculosis. With the continual of M.Tuberculosis in evolving into a newly antibiotic-resistant with the natural selection of variation because of the massive population that increases the possibility of mutation in gene, it will cost economically on the people to spend on the treatment to cure for the never-ending variation in M. Tuberculosis that is resistant to antibiotics. Works Cited Antibiotic resistance. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/a/antibiotic_resistance. htm Bright, K. (n. d. ). Applied evolution unit: Evolution of antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http://evoled. dbs. umt. edu/lessons/background. htm Ferguson, D. 2012, May 14). Measuring antibiotics resistance. Personal Communication . Larsen, P. (n. d. ). Antibiotics resistance. Retrieved from http://www. naturalch oice. net/articles/antibiotics. htm Pitman, S. (2004, December). Antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http://www. detectingdesign. com/antibioticresistance. html Study on the economic impact of antibiotic overuse and antibiotic-resistant infections. (2009, October 19). Retrieved from http://www. news-medical. net/news/20091019/Study-on-the-economic-impact-of-antibiotic-overuse-and-antibiotic-resistant-infections. aspx? page=2 Tekstiin, T. (2009, November 11).The long-term effects of antibiotics on health and immunity. Retrieved from http://inhumanexperiment. blogspot. jp/2009/11/long-term-effects-of-antibiotics-on. html Bibliography Davies, J. , & Davies, D. (n. d. ). Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Retrieved from http://mmbr. asm. org/content/74/3/417. full Kunkel, D. (n. d. ). Antibiotic resistance: Delaying the inevitable. Retrieved from http://evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/relevance/IA1antibiotics2. shtml Microevolution & antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (2012, April 18). Retrieved from http://alexa2b. edublogs. org/2012/04/18/microevolution-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/

Jm Coetzee Essays

Jm Coetzee Essays Jm Coetzee Paper Jm Coetzee Paper Residence at the time of the award: South Africa Prize motivation: who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider Language: English Biographical John Maxwell Coetzee was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on 9 February 1940, the elder of two children. His mother was a primary school teacher. His father was trained as an attorney, but practiced as such only intermittently; during the years 1941–45 he served with the South African forces in North Africa and Italy. Though Coetzees parents were not of British descent, the language spoken at home was English. Coetzee received his primary schooling in Cape Town and in the nearby town of Worcester. For his secondary education he attended a school in Cape Town run by a Catholic order, the Marist Brothers. He matriculated in 1956. Coetzee entered the University of Cape Town in 1957, and in 1960 and 1961 graduated successively with honours degrees in English and mathematics. He spent the years 1962–65 in England, working as a computer programmer while doing research for a thesis on the English novelist Ford Madox Ford. In 1963 he married Philippa Jubber (1939–1991). They had two children, Nicolas (1966–1989) and Gisela (b. 1968). In 1965 Coetzee entered the graduate school of the University of Texas at Austin, and in 1968 graduated with a PhD in English, linguistics, and Germanic languages. His doctoral dissertation was on the early fiction of Samuel Beckett. For three years (1968–71) Coetzee was assistant professor of English at the State University of New York in Buffalo. After an application for permanent residence in the United States was denied, he returned to South Africa. From 1972 until 2000 he held a series of positions at the University of Cape Town, the last of them as Distinguished Professor of Literature. Between 1984 and 2003 he also taught frequently in the United States: at the State University of New York, Johns Hopkins University, Harvard University, Stanford University, and the University of Chicago, where for six years he was a member of the Committee on Social Thought. Coetzee began writing fiction in 1969. His first book, Dusklands, was published in South Africa in 1974. In the Heart of the Country (1977) won South Africas then principal literary award, the CNA Prize, and was published in Britain and the USA. Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) received international notice. His reputation was confirmed by Life amp; Times of Michael K (1983), which won Britains Booker Prize. It was followed by Foe (1986), Age of Iron (1990), The Master of Petersburg (1994), and Disgrace (1999), which again won the Booker Prize. Coetzee also wrote two fictionalized memoirs, Boyhood (1997) and Youth (2002). The Lives of Animals (1999) is a fictionalized lecture, later absorbed into Elizabeth Costello (2003). White Writing (1988) is a set of essays on South African literature and culture. Doubling the Point (1992) consists of essays and interviews with David Attwell. Giving Offense (1996) is a study of literary censorship. Stranger Shores (2001) collects his later literary essays. Coetzee has also been active as a translator of Dutch and Afrikaans literature. In 2002 Coetzee emigrated to Australia. He lives with his partner Dorothy Driver in Adelaide, South Australia, where he holds an honorary position at the University of Adelaide. Excerpts from Disgrace Excerpts selected by Lars Rydquist, head librarian, Nobel Library of the Swedish Academy. (Pages 111-112 and 183-184) As gently as he can, he offers his question again. Lucy, my dearest, why dont you want to tell? It was a crime. There is no shame in being the object of a crime. You did not choose to be the object. You are an innocent party. Sitting across the table from him, Lucy draws a deep breath, gathers herself, then breathes out again and shakes her head. Can I guess? he says. Are you trying to remind me of something? Am I trying to remind you of what? Of what women undergo at the hands of men. Nothing could be further from my thoughts. This has nothing to do with you, David. You want to know why I have not laid a particular charge with the police. I will tell you, as long as you agree not to raise the subject agai n. The reason is that, as far as I am concerned, what happened to me is a purely private matter. In another time, in another place it might be held to be a public matter. But in this place, at this time, it is not. It is my business, mine alone. This place being what? This place being South Africa. I dont agree. I dont agree with what you are doing. Do you think that by meekly accepting what happened to you, you can set yourself apart from farmers like Ettinger? Do you think what happened here was an exam: if you come through, you get a diploma and safe conduct into the future, or a sign to paint on the door-lintel that will make the plague pass you by? That is not how vengeance works, Lucy. Vengeance is like a fire. The more it devours, the hungrier it gets. Stop it, David! I dont want to hear this talk of plagues and fires. I am not just trying to save my skin. If that is what you think, you miss the point entirely. Then help me. Is it some form of private salvation you are trying to work out? Do you hope you can expiate the crimes of the past by suffering in the present? No. You keep misreading me. Guilt and salvation are abstractions. I dont act in terms of abstractions. Until you make an effort to see that, I cant help you. He wants to respond, but she cuts him short. David, we agreed. I dont want to go on with this conversation. Never yet have they been so far and so bitterly apart. He is shaken. /- -/ Working as swiftly as he can, holding tight to Teresa, he tries to sketch out the opening pages of a libretto. Get the words down on paper, he tells himself. Once that is done it will all be easier. Then there will be time to search through the masters through Gluck, for instance lifting melodies, perhaps who knows? lifting ideas too. But by steps, as he begins to live his days more fully with Teresa and the dead Byron, it becomes clear that purloined songs will not be good enough, that the two will demand a music of their own. And, astonishingly, in dribs and drabs, the music comes. Sometimes the contour of a phrase occurs to him before he has a hint of what the words themselves will be; sometimes the words call forth the cadence; sometimes th e shade of a melody, having hovered for days on the edge of hearing, unfolds and blessedly reveals itself. As the action begins to unwind, furthermore, it calls up of its own accord modulations and transitions that he feels in his blood even when he has not the musical resources to realize them. At the piano he sets to work piecing together and writing down the beginnings of a score. But there is something about the sound of the piano that hinders him: too rounded, too physical, too rich. From the attic, from a crate full of old books and toys of Lucys, he recovers the odd little seven-stringed banjo that he bought for her on the streets of KwaMashu when she was a child. With the aid of the banjo he begins to notate the music that Teresa, now mournful, now angry, will sing to her dead lover, and that pale-voiced Byron will sing back to her from the land of the shades. The deeper he follows the Contessa into her underworld, singing her words for her or humming her vocal line, the more inseparable from her, to his surprise, becomes the silly plink-plonk of the toy banjo. The lush arias he had dreamed of giving her he quietly abandons; from there it is but a short step to putting the instrument into her hands. Instead of stalking the stage, Teresa now sits staring out over the marshes toward the gates of hell, cradling the mandolin on which she accompanies herself in her lyric flights; while to one side a discreet trio in knee-breeches (cello, flute, bassoon) fill in the entractes or comment sparingly between stanzas. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina: Nearly Half of Argentines Demand End to Privatization. (2002, July 11). Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina: Ten Years of Privatization Made a Crisis Worse. (2003, June 24). Interpress Service. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Baker, Dean, and Mark Weisbrot. (2002, April 16). The Role of Social Security Privatization in Argentinas Economic Crisis. Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved from cepr.net/publications/argentina_2002_04.htm. (23 February 2007). 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cavallo, Domingo F. (1997). Lessons from Argentinas Privatization Experience. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 50. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chisari, Omar, Antonio Estache, and Carlos Romero. Winners and Losers from Utility Privatization in Argentina: Lessons from a General Equilibrium Model.   World Bank. Retrieved from worldbank.org/html/dec/Publications/Workpapers/WPS1800series/wps1824/wps1824.pdf. (23 February 2007). 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confronting the Social and Labor Challenges of Privatization: Multinational Enterprises in Telecommunications in the 1990s. International Labor Organization. Working Paper. Retrieved from ilo.org/public/english/employment/multi/download/wp90.pdf. (23 February 2007). 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Davis, Neal C. (1997, October 22). Electricity Reform Abroad and U.S. Investment: A Historical Perspective for Argentine Privatization Efforts. Retrieved from eia.doe.gov/emeu/pgem/electric/ch411.html. (23 February 2007). 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Galiani, Sebastian, Paul Gertler, and Ernesto Schargrodsky. (2002, June 30). Water for Life: The Impact of Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality. Working Paper. Retrieved from http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/gertler/working_papers/Water%20for%20Life%20June30.pdf. (23 February 2007). 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hacher, Sebastian. (2004, February 26). Argentina Water Privatization Scheme Runs Dry. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved from globalpolicy.org/. (23 February 2007). 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health Care Privatization in Argentina. (2001). National Center for Policy Analysis. Idea House. Retrieved from ncpa.org/. (23 February 2007). 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multinational water companies desperate to get out of Argentina. (2005, December 18). Catholic New Times. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Framework for Globalization. International Labor Organization. Retrieved from ilo.org/. (23 February 2007). 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Privatization Link. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: World Bank Group. Retrieved from fdi.net/index.cfm. (23 February 2007). 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Saba, Roberto Pablo, and Luigi Manzetti. (1997). Privatization in Argentina: The implications for corruption. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 25. 15.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Valente, Marcela. (2006). De-Privatisation Purely Pragmatic, Say Observers. Inter Press Service News Agency. Retrieved from http://ipsnews.net/headlines.asp. (23 February 2007).

The Ransom of Atahualpa

The Ransom of Atahualpa On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, Lord of the Inca Empire, agreed to meet with a handful of bedraggled foreigners who had intruded upon his realm. These foreigners were some 160 Spanish conquistadors under the command of Francisco Pizarro and they treacherously attacked and captured the young Inca Emperor. Atahualpa offered to bring his captors a fortune in ransom and he did so: the amount of treasure was staggering. The Spanish, nervous about reports of Inca generals in the area, executed Atahualpa anyway in 1533. Atahualpa and Pizarro Francisco Pizarro and his band of Spaniards had been exploring the western coast of South America for two years: they were following reports of a powerful, wealthy empire high in the frosty Andes Mountains. They moved inland and made their way to the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. They were fortunate: Atahualpa, Emperor of the Inca was there. He had just defeated his brother Huscar in a civil war over who would rule the kingdom. When a band of 160 foreigners showed up on his doorstep, Atahualpa was not afraid: he was surrounded by an army of thousands of men, most of them war veterans, who were fiercely loyal to him. The Battle of Cajamarca The Spanish conquistadors were aware of Atahualpas massive army - just as they were aware of the massive quantities of gold and silver carried by Atahualpa and the Inca nobles. In Mexico, Hernn Cortes had found riches by capturing Aztec Emperor Montezuma: Pizarro decided to try the same tactic. He hid his cavalrymen and artillerymen around the square in Cajamarca. Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde to meet the Inca: the friar showed the Inca a breviary. The Inca glanced through it and, unimpressed, threw it down. The Spanish used this supposed sacrilege as an excuse to attack. Suddenly the square was filled with heavily armed Spaniards on foot and horseback, massacring native nobility and warriors to the thunder of cannon fire. Atahualpa Captive Atahualpa was captured and thousands of his men were murdered. Among the dead were civilians, soldiers and important members of the Inca aristocracy. The Spanish, practically invulnerable in their heavy steel armor, did not suffer a single casualty. The horsemen proved particularly effective, running down terrified natives as they fled the carnage. Atahualpa was placed under heavy guard in the Temple of the Sun, where he finally met Pizarro. The Emperor was allowed to speak with some of his subjects, but every word was translated for the Spanish by a native interpreter. Atahualpa’s Ransom It didn’t take long for Atahualpa to realize that the Spanish were there for gold and silver: the Spanish had wasted no time in looting corpses and the temples of Cajamarca. Atahualpa was made to understand that he would be freed if he paid enough. He offered to fill a room with gold and then twice over with silver. The room was 22 feet long by 17 feet wide (6.7 meters by 5.17 meters) and the Emperor offered to fill it to a height of about 8 feet (2.45m). The Spanish were stunned and quickly accepted the offer, even instructing a notary to make it official. Atahualpa sent out word to bring gold and silver to Cajamarca and before long, native porters were bringing a fortune to the town from all corners of the empire and laying it at the feet of the invaders. The Empire in Turmoil Meanwhile, the Inca Empire was thrown into turmoil by the capture of their Emperor. To the Inca, the Emperor was semi-divine and no one dared risk an attack to rescue him. Atahualpa had recently defeated his brother, Huscar, in a civil war over the throne. Huascar was alive but captive: Atahualpa feared he would escape and rise again because Atahualpa was a prisoner, so he ordered Huascars death. Atahualpa had three massive armies in the field under his top generals: Quisquis, Chalcuchima and Rumià ±ahui. These generals were aware that Atahualpa had been captured and decided against an attack. Chalcuchima was eventually tricked and captured by Hernando Pizarro, whereas the other two generals would fight against the Spanish in the months that followed. The Death of Atahualpa In early 1533, rumors began flying around the Spanish camp about Rumià ±ahui, greatest of the Inca generals. None of the Spaniards knew exactly where Rumià ±ahui was and they greatly feared the massive army he led. According to the rumors, Rumià ±ahui had decided to free the Inca and was moving into position to attack. Pizarro sent out riders in every direction. These men found no sign of a large army, but still the rumors persisted. Panicked, the Spanish decided that Atahualpa had become a liability. They hastily tried him for treason – for allegedly telling Rumià ±ahui to rebel – and found him guilty. Atahualpa, last free Emperor of the Inca, was executed by garrote on July 26, 1533. The Inca’s Treasure Atahualpa had kept his promise and filled the room with gold and silver. The treasure brought to Cajamarca was staggering. Priceless works of art in gold, silver and ceramic were brought, along with tons of precious metals in jewelry and temple decorations. Greedy Spaniards smashed priceless objects to pieces so that the room would fill up more slowly. All of this treasure was melted down, forged into 22 karat gold and counted. Atahualpa’s ransom added up to over 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that much silver. After the â€Å"royal fifth† was taken out (the King of Spain imposed a 20% tax on conquest loot), this treasure was divided up among the original 160 men according to a complicated arrangement involving footmen, horsemen and officers. The lowliest of the soldiers received 45 pounds of gold and 90 pounds of silver: at today’s rate the gold alone is worth over a half million dollars. Francisco Pizarro received roughly 14 times the amount of a common soldie r, plus substantial â€Å"gifts† such as Atahualpa’s throne, which was made of 15 karat gold and weighed 183 pounds. The Lost Gold of Atahualpa Legend has it that the Spanish conquistadors did not get their greedy hands on all of Atahualpa’s ransom. Some people believe, based on somewhat sketchy historical documents, that a group of natives was on its way to Cajamarca with a load of Inca gold and silver for Atahualpa’s ransom when they received word that the Emperor had been murdered. The Inca general in charge of transporting the treasure decided to hide it and left it in an unmarked cave in the mountains. Supposedly it was found 50 years later by a Spaniard named Valverde, but then was lost again until an adventurer named Barth Blake found it in 1886: he later died suspiciously. No one has seen it since. Is there a lost Inca treasure in the Andes, the final installment of Atahualpa’s Ransom? Source    Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

Contemporary Latin America Politics Research Proposal

Contemporary Latin America Politics - Research Proposal Example While Venezuela is not presently engaged in any attritional conflict with its neighbors, its relationship with the United States has declined steadily over the recent past. The escalating tension between the United States and Venezuela is attributable to both ideological and material reasons. On the side of ideology, Venezuela is presently led by Hugo Chavez, a highly popular Socialist Party member. His party and its policies derive from Marxist doctrines, which are anathema to the capitalist economic organization seen here in the United States. Moreover, Mr. Chavez is not hesitant to openly condemn American leadership and its alleged hegemonic impulses. A diplomatic flashpoint occurred during the United Nations General Assembly of 2006 when Hugo Chavez cited American leftist intellectual Noam Chomsky’s book ‘Hegemony or Survival’ to support his criticism of high handed foreign policy measures of the United States government. The speech is unprecedented in terms of its audacity and confrontational tone, which almost no diplomatic goodwill was left between the two nations ever since (Tinker-Salas, p.52). Adding to the Venezuelan problem is the open and tacit support that it receives from Latin and Central American nations. For example, Venezuela’s attempt to garner a UN Security Council seat was supported by several countries with influence in the General Assembly, including China, Russia, Malaysia and India. American trading partners in the region such as Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile are also likely to back Venezuela. If Venezuela’s bid should succeed in the future, then it will give a new thrust to the Non-Aligned Movement, by shifting its headquarters out of New York and into a city in the hemispheric South such as Brasilia, Havana or Caracas (Tinker-Salas, p.53). If this does become a reality in the near future, it will be a huge

300 word essay, history of history 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

300 word , history of history 4 - Essay Example IV concentrated on fighting the Romans and the Spaniards5, and neglected his duties and vows as the Pope and his expectations as a Church leader6. However, soon, due to certain events7, he underwent a radical shift in his approach towards his office, and from then onwards, expended all his efforts and all his life in establishing rules and practices that were aimed at reviving the lost spirit of the Church8. Renke cites several examples of the reforms that Paul IV introduced as part of his reforms, such as reinstituting the government officials and clergy9, and making the practices of the Church more strict and binding upon the public as well as the clergy10. Renke writes in a very theatrical style11, and presents the history of Papacy with a lot of earnest and interest, which is evident through his writing. However, he merely presents his own opinions about the events that occurred, and his own perceptions about the actions of the Pope and other individuals whom he has mentioned in his book12, rather than citing the incidences themselves and leaving the judgment and conclusion to the readers. Therefore, his writing style is clearly biased towards a certain standpoint, and his writing cannot be claimed to be critical or analytical in nature. It is, nevertheless, quite entertaining and absorbing, and makes the reading of historical anecdotes quite interesting to the general

Response to Coments on DQ1 JS and DQ2 MBw7 Essay

Response to Coments on DQ1 JS and DQ2 MBw7 - Essay Example As you mentioned a company can wipe off the balance sheet a portion of its debt by converting the bonds. The bondholder also benefits in case of a conversion because the investor benefits from all the coupons payments that were received and from the equivalent value in stocks which can be converted into cash by selling them in the open market. DQ2 I agree with you that convertible bonds are a win-win proposition. The bondholder benefits when the bonds are converted into common stocks because the investor would be trading in a principal bond balance which was not liquid for an asset that is extremely liquid due to the fact that common stocks can be sold in the open market instantly. I once owned some common stock of Wal-Mart. When I needed some money I called my broker and he sold my common stocks the same day I placed the sale order. Common stocks are a liquid asset. The cash in the form of coupon payments that the bondholder received represents an added benefit for the bondholder. T he company that issues convertible bonds benefits from the flexibility that convertible bonds provide. Convertible bonds are great investments options that provide the investor with the best of both the equity and debt market (Little, 2011). References Investopedia.com (2011). Convertible Bonds: An Introduction. Retrieved May 18, 2011 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/01/052301.asp Little, K. (2011).

Psychology Essays Down Syndrome Child and AAC

Psychology Essays Down Syndrome Child and AAC Down Syndrome Child and (AAC) Augmentative or Alternative Communication System Doesthe Down syndrome child, acquiring the ability to communicate usingaugmentative or alternative communication (AAC) System, follow a similardevelopment path as that of typical language development? The Down syndrome child, bydefinition, is different from others. Therefore, more than likely he or shewill experience some level of mental retardation and physical disability.Physical disability can include health, immunity, and physical problems whichaffect the sight, the hearing and speech. This would imply that most childrenborn with Down syndrome have limited intelligence, limited physical ability,and, similar to the deaf child, because of hearing deficits, will have delaysin language development. Language development and auditory function have beenlinked in numerous studies. Where in the deaf child intellectual function isnot an issue, it should be noted that in most deaf individuals, languageimpairment continues throughout life although the ability to communicate can beaugmented through other means such as hearing aids, sign language, and thelike. Language delay would beprognosticated in intellectually and/or auditorily impaired children frombirth. In the child with Down syndrome, given the additional physical problemsincluding impaired motor skills affecting articulation, a language delay, to agreater extent, would be both implied and expected. The question as to whether,with the use of augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) the child thenfollows the path of typical language development, albeit retarded or delayed. In the paper entitled Languageand Communication Characteristics of Children with Down Syndrome, (Miller,J in Pueschel. S.m. et al., p. 224) a collaboration of views that include thedelay which involves the necessity in language for cognitive development, anddeficit which involves the additional characteristics needed for languagedevelopment, is needed. That collaboration with the inclusion of otherenvironmental factors that can affect verbal skills and language comprehension.In fact, this study places more emphasis on the environmental factors thaneither delay or enhance language development in the delayed or deficit child. Given that all factors areinterchangeable in studies, i.e. level of deficiency or delay and environmentaland social factors, it can also be surmised that a child with variations ofthese combinations, would find his/her world enhanced with the ability tocommunicate. Studies using AAC with Down syndrome children generally speakingshow better communication skills which would lead to better environmentalfactors based on at least less frustration in social situations. Foreman and Crews (1998, p. 1)define AAC as to commonly refer to mechanical and electronic systems usedwith cerebral palsy and physical disability but include sign language as usedwith the deaf. This article also refers to the language system developed byMargaret Walker Makaton. The system was developed as a support tocommunication development in adults. This method, now used in over 40countries, combines the use of signing and speaking. Also mentioned in thisarticle is the use of picture communication that requires no reading skills butrather use pictographs to convey information. Both methods have been shown to havepositive results for the child along with concerns of stigma and difficultlyfor either the child or the family to learn the AAC. While these concerns havebeen voiced, on the other hand, better communication skills have cut downsignificantly on behavioral outbursts due to the inability to communicate. The studies also indicate thatlearning basic signs for no, help and the like empower the child. Thisempowerment would imply enhanced environmental factors as a consequent tobetter social skills. But further, as Foreman and Crews study shows (1998, p.6): The ability to name objects is of greatuse to young children with a limited capacity to communicate (Grove Walker, 1990). Most of the frustration experience by young children withcommunication difficulties is limited by the ability to name a desired toy,food or activity. While this study taughtchildren naming skills through four methods fv communication, it concludes thatthe multimodal method of instruction is an effective way of encouragingchildren with Down syndrome (1998, p. 7) and signing may carry most weightamongst the various modalities. Another point to be discussedis to the question as to whether children with Down syndrome have a pattern oflanguage development that is distinct or different from the typical. Studiesconducted by Harris (1983, pp. 153ff) and Coggins (1979, pp166ff) determinedthat children approximately three years old or younger, whether normal or Downsyndrome develop approximately the same. It is with older children where normalchildren acquire more advanced language skills (Coggins, 1979). Harris studysuggested that were different language strategies were used both groups, normaland Down, progressed in age. Miller points out that apreference for gestural expression over verbal expression among children withDown syndrome by educators, parents, and speech-language pathologists (Miller,p. 6) has been noted. This makes sense, as confirmed by many researchers;intelligibility of speech is a major factor in Down syndrome. This inability toproduce intelligible speech is attributable to physical problems mentionedabove, to include the muscular structure of the jaw, and often-reported oversizedtongue. This would go along with where studies indicate the normal child andthe Down syndrome child split from each other in language development. Themuscular development coupled with normally developing cognitive skills allowthe normal child to interact and communicate by the age of 5 or 6 whereas Downsyndrome children remain unintelligible. Additional to physicaldisability is the deficit in understanding concepts and complex ideas. AsMiller points out, ideas relating to time and space, relationships, causality(Miller, p. 8) are difficult to impossible for the child with Down syndrome tounderstand. It is in this area that the factors involving the physical,cognitive and environment can be linked to where the Down syndrome childsdevelopment and language skills reach a ceiling. From research conducted, itcan be safely assumed that children with Down syndrome stop developing aroundthe age normal children are able to understand the above-mentioned ideas andconcepts. This inability, retarding cognition, will then as a consequenceretard ability to communicate at a complex level of thinking as do normallydeveloping children and adults. This would indicate that, despite the currentAAC available, at some point language development would not continue on thesame path as in the typical. An important variable however, is environment, inthe determination of just how far this child can develop. Since gesture was noted to bepreferred in this group, studies noted in the article by John Clibbens, pointsto arguments such as those of Remington and Clark (1996) that signingfacilitates interactions and thus speech development and those carried out byMiller (1992) and Launonen (1996) both of which point to advantages in signingand greater advancement in vocabulary among subjects during an importantdevelopmental period (Clibbens, p. 2). Launonens follow up study in 1998found that there was still significant difference in social and linguisticskills between the two groups. Both of these authors emphasize signing asbeneficial both in the short and long term. Interesting to point out thatstrategies used by deaf mothers were looked at for research purposes. Clibbens,Powell and Grove (1997) note that signing is preferred as it is a naturallanguage system that does not require special equipment among other reasons. One of the major argumentsagainst signing is that it does not encourage children to speak. Yet othershave noted that as the child grows (to some extent as does the normal child)that speech overtakes use of gesture to communicate. It would seem that empowermentis an important factor in all people and this would not exclude the child withDown syndrome. Empowerment implies self-esteem. This comes out of socialinteraction that has positive feedback. When a child is able to find a way tobetter communicate with his environment and have his needs met, he is morelikely to want to learn, on some level, and to do more of the same. The generalfeedback in studies reviewed show that use of AA is generally positive for allparticipants. Empowerment and self-esteem, has been shown in studires of allsorts to enhance the life generally and leads to success in relationships.Success in relationship again, has been shown in numerous studies to be as theresult of good ommunication. Communication, as proven by these studies iseffective both verbally and nonverbally as through signing with thispopulation. There have been many thingssaid about the Down syndrome child that have not been included in studies.These things could be considered beyond the typical. Down syndrome childrenhave been noted to be openly loving and naively devoted because of theirchildlike nature. More and more opportunities are opening up for these childrento include roles on television. More exposure with less stigmatism, furtherempower the Down syndrome child as well as others with physical, mental andcognitive disiabilties. Events such as the Special Olympics, develop thephysical where before these chidren were coddled and hidden. This furthers theempowerment and self-esteem of the Down syndrome individual and encourages himor her to further develop language skills. Any method that furthers thechances of a disabled child such as one with Down syndrom to benefit from inclusionin events and circles of others in society brings benefit and furtherdevelopment in all areas of growth. AAC includes a growing number of methodswhereby the ability to communicate can be enhanced. Thus, what was previouislydescribed as impossible or atypical for a child born with Down syndrome nolonger applies. In conclusion, the child whohas learned one mode or a combination of modes of augmentative or alternativecommunication (AAC) System, follow a similar development path as that oftypical language development to a point. The factors that must be considered inevaluating this question are cognitive in that the intellectual ability toconprehend complex ideas will be retarded or impaired and reach a ceiling.Compared to the norm, where, at a similar developmental point, the typicalprogresses. Further, beyond the cognitiveand intellectual factors, there are the physical factors that impedeintelligibility. This is based on physical deformity and which contribute todelays which further impede ability to communicate. This separates languageability related to muscle development and jaw structure from the typical at thephysical level. AAC techniques cannot yetbring language development to the level of the typical or the norm, yet theycan increase vocabulary, extend communication skills, beyond what is now thenorm for the Down syndrome child. This enhancement helps the child developother social skills that bring the environment closer to him or her and others, While researchers in AAC techniquesrealize the factors that inhibit or enhance their studies involve the type ofmodality or combination thereof along with social factors level of deficiency,and the environmental factors that contribute greatly to the better functioningof children with Down syndrome. Because the stigma of retardation anddisability has lessened over the years, more opportunities are available toenhance learning and social skills. Sports events such as the above-mentionedSpecial Olympics allow a Down syndrome child to experience physical strengthand the sense of competition which build on self-esteem and emotional balance.More and more acceptance of such children has come about in the communityleading to support groups, respite, and more understanding of what is availableand what works. The capacity and capability ofthese children, studies and personal experience show, has been underrated. Acouple of generations ago, these children were not expected to survivechildhood. While they have shown mental deficiencies, their emotional abilitiesto give and receive are not deficient by the reports of many. More and more,these children are participating in regular schools, grow up to do work thathas meaning to them and are able to maintain independent living skills. Manyare developing talents such as singing, acting, music which also can beconsidered skill enhancing providing further means of communication andlanguage development. The answer is to the question:Does the Down Syndrome child, acquiring the ability to communicate usingaugmentative or alternative communication (AAC) System, follow a similardevelopment path as that of typical language development, is yes and no. Nobecause the child born with Down syndrome will develop at all levels atypicallyand this would include language development. However, as stated below: Providing the best strategies for communication for a child with anintellectual disability is an enormously complex task. Augmentative proceduresare not the complete solution to the communication problems of these children.However, by a slow process of trial and assessment of these procedures, smallgains can be achieved in the eventual construction of a system that allowschildren to communicate more effectively. The practical benefits of theseprocedures for children with Down syndrome (and all children with intellectualdisabilities) are of great importance to the improvement of their lifeopportunities. (Foreman, p. 8) Improvement of live andopportunity has been the result of, at least in part, augmentative procedures. References Coggins. T. E. (1979). Relational meaning encoded in thetwo-word utterances of stage 1 Downs syndrome children. Journal of Speechand Hearing Research, 22, 166-178. Clibbens, J. (2001). Signing and lexical development inchildren with Down syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice 7(3),101-105. Clibbens, J. Powell, G.G. Grove, N. (1997). Manualsigning and AAC Issues for research and practice. Communication Matters,11 (2), 17-18. Foreman, P., Crews, G. (1998). Using augmentativecommunication with infants and young children with Down syndrome. Down SyndromeResearch and Practice Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 16-25. NSW, Australia, University ofNewcastle. Harris, J. (1983). What does mean length of utterance mean?Evidence from a comparative study of normal and Downs syndrome Children. BritishJournal of Disorders of communication, 18, 153-169. Launonen, K. (1996). Enhancing communication skills ofchildren with Down syndrome: Early use of manual signs. In S. von Tetzchner M. H. Jensen (Eds.), Augmentative and Alternative Communication:European Perspectives. London: Wherr. Launonen, K. (1998). Early manual sign intervention:Eight-year follow up of children with Down syndrome. In Proceedings of theISAAC 98 Conference. Dublin ISAAC/Ashfield Publications. Miller, J.F. (1992). Development of speech and language inchildren with Down syndrome. In I.T. Lott E.E. McCoy (Eds.) DownSyndrome: Advances in medical care. Chichester: Wiley. Pueschel, Siegfried M., Tingey, Carol, Rynders, J. E.,Crocker, A. C. Crutcher, D. M. (Eds.) (1987). New perspectives on Downsyndrome. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. ISBN 0933716699Congresses Chapter 9, 233-62.

The Illegal Bushmeat Trade :: essays research papers

The second half of the 20th century has seen the continent of Africa in continuous turmoil. Civil wars, the AIDS epidemic, deforestation, and desertification are just a few of the problems facing Africa. A more recent threat to this ancient and fragile environment has emerged and is quickly gaining strength at devouring life – the bush meat trade. â€Å"Bush meat† refers to the smoked carcasses of various wild, and often endangered species that are sold illegally at rural markets of undeveloped countries and even at ethnic markets in developed nations. The meat of gorillas, chimpanzees, and elephants are considered delicacies and the demand for these endangered species is increasingly high. Countries at the center of this crisis are Botswana, Mozambique, Kenya, Zimbabwe, the Congo, Cameroon, Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Bush meat plays a crucial socio-economic role to many in Africa, and as such epitomizes the need to balance protection against such factors as poverty, health, and food security. Certain key issues are necessary to understand the bush meat trade: 1. Bush meat is not purely a tropical forest-related phenomenon, but is Africa-wide and indeed a global problem. - Bush meat utilization is a significant conservation, economic, and cultural issue in non-forested areas of eastern and southern Africa - Bush meat is regarded as one of the most beneficial wildlife resources available to local communities. Demand is high and is increasing at alarming rates 2. Bush meat crucial as a source of cheap protein for malnourished people throughout Africa - Over 90% of rural peoples in Central Africa eat less than half of the recommended protein intake 3. With growing populations, demand for bush meat will continue to grow 4. Poverty in the face of diminishing alternative resources, means that traditional taboos restricting the consumption of certain animals is increasingly ignored -Some claim that since we humans are 97% related genetically to chimps and gorillas that eating them is tantamount to cannibalism 5. Even though subsistence use of bush meat still predominates over most areas of eastern and southern Africa, an emerging trend of increased commercial trade is evident - Bush meat is making its way into Europe in large quantities and is even found in ethnic markets in the UK The core of the problem appears to be logging. Logging companies build roads to previously inaccessible areas making contact to bush meat much easier. Some companies actually hire employees to buy the meat, while others supply hunters with guns and ammunition and even transport the catch between forests and markets.